charles edward duke of saxe coburg and gotha parents

The only firm evidence which they provide is of what the Germans were trying to do in the matter, and of how completely they failed to do it. At her funeral, Prince Philip marched with their relatives who wore Nazi uniforms. On 11 November, his abdication was demanded in Coburg. Ernest's younger brother Leopold became King of the Belgians in 1831, and his descendants continue to serve as Belgian monarchs. He also supported art, science and local industry. When World War II ended Charles Edward was placed by the Americans under house arrest in Germany because of his Nazi sympathies. "It seems there are all manner of valuable possessions at Villa Windsor, which we feel it would be important for the Crown to have back." When the Wiking joined Der Stahlhelm, Charles Edward became a member of the Stahlhelm's national board. Dietmar Hubertus Friedrich Wilhelm Philip Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha was born on 24 August 1909 at Reinhardsbrunn Castle, Germany. They have one daughter: Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's docuseries, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. His elder son, Prince William, duke of Cambridge, is heir apparent. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Her mother was Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont.She had one brother, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany (1884-1954) who was reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1900-1918). Read Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Husband) from the story The Monarchs and their Children and Grandchildren by actorshistoryroyals (Eva) with 2 read. In keeping with Portuguese law, only after the birth of his son in 1837 did he acquire the title of king. Many of his former properties in Saxony, and Coburg were seized by the Soviet army. Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the last sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, from 30 July 1900 until 1918. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Following Leopold's conversion to Catholicism to take the newly-created Belgian throne, this line of the house is Catholic. Cemetery: Set cemetery. The Gotha foundation was expropriated by the Soviet authorities after 1945. It was founded with the marriage of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, second son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, with Princess Maria Antonia Kohry de Csbrg. Fields marked with an asterisk (*) are required. Born Sat, 19 July 1884; Claremont House, Esher; Died Sat, 6 March 1954 . After his abdication, he became the Duke of Windsor, and upon their marriage in June 1937, Wallis became the Duchess of Windsor. The young Duke was raised in England, and attended Eton until the death of his uncle Alfred Duke of Edinburgh on the 30th July 1900. Wilhelm II demanded a German education for the boy, but this was unacceptable to the Duke of Connaught. mother Charles Edward Duke of Saxe-Cobu. Before his fall from grace he was Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony, Prince of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Albany, Duke of Julich, Cleves and Berg of Angria and Westphalia. [34], Charles Edward was imprisoned until 1946, and was originally charged with crimes against humanity. Corrections? He married Viktoria Adelheid von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg . Duke Carl Eduard with his wife Victoria Adelheid and their children, 1915. He was a first cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King George V of the United Kingdom and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. They married in February 1840. By the time he took over the position, the German Red Cross had already been placed under the Nazis' control. Next in line was Charles Edward, who consequently inherited the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at the age of sixteen when his uncle Alfred died at the age of 55 in July 1900. The dynastic name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, or Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) was that of Victoria's German-born husband, Albert, prince consort of Great Britain and Ireland. [6] His mother frequently reminded him of the importance of "becoming a good man, so you bring no shame on Papa's name". Prince Charles Edward was born at Claremont House near Esher, Surrey. Ernest I's second son, Prince Albert (18191861), married his first cousin Queen Victoria in 1840 (Victoria's mother was a sister of Ernest I). 'We might want one in England before long. [25] Hitler sent Charles Edward to Britain as president of the Anglo-German Friendship Society. They stood for some time on the terrace looking down into Austria, with the border town of Salzburg framed between the mountains.". Albert's father and Victoria's mother were brother and sister (as shown in the tree above), meaning Victoria and Albert were cousins. Although the ducal branch is eponymous with the dynasty, its head is not the senior member of the family genealogically or agnatically. "It was probably one of the biggest mistakes of my life," he shared. Before joining T&C, she was the deputy managing editor at Hey Alma, a Jewish culture site. [29] Hitler also used him to encourage the pro-Nazi sentiments of the Duke of Windsor and his wife. [59] This was similar to the arms borne by his uncle, Alfred, as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which can be seen on his stall plate as a Knight of the Swedish Order of the Seraphim. In November 1918, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was forced to abdicate. Mother of the present king of Sweden. The regent acted under the strict guidance of Emperor Wilhelm II. In 1950 (or August 1949, according to his Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry), and after several appeals, Charles Edward was found by a denazification court to be a Mitlufer and Minderbelasteter (roughly translated as: follower and follower of lesser guilt). Karl Edvard av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha Karl Edvard (tyska: Carl Eduard, engelska: Charles Edward ), fdd den 19 juli 1884 p Claremont House, Surrey i Storbritannien, dd den 6 mars 1954 i Coburg i Vsttyskland, var en brittisk prins, tysk furste, serafimerriddare och SA - Obergruppenfhrer i Nazityskland. Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, KG, KStJ (Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert; 15 October 1874 - 6 February 1899), was the son and heir apparent of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.He died aged 24 under circumstances still not entirely clear. Emily Burack (she/her) is the news writer for Town & Country, where she covers entertainment, culture, the royals, and a range of other subjects. His successor and son, King George V, changed the name of this line of the royal house and family to Windsor.[16]. March 6, 1954 Carl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha died today in Coburg after a long illness, reports the Associated Press. so when Duke Alfred died in 1900, he was succeeded by his nephew, Charles Edward the Duke of Albany, the sixteen-year-old son of Queen Victoria's youngest . [2] As a grandson of Queen Victoria, the Duke was a first cousin of George V and of several European royal figures: Queen Maud of Norway, Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse, Empress Alexandra of Russia, Queen Marie of Romania, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, Queen Sophia of the Hellenes, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, and Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (the last two through his mother). A male-line grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he was also until 1919 a Prince of the United Kingdom and from birth held the British titles of Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow.[1]. He liberally supported the court theatres in both towns. It takes its name from its oldest domain, the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, its members later sat on the thrones of Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal, India, and the United Kingdom and its dominions. In addition to the residential castles, Friedenstein Palace in Gotha and Ehrenburg Palace in Coburg, the ducal family also used the Schloss Reinhardsbrunn in Gotha, as well as the Schloss Rosenau and Callenberg Castle in Coburg, and a hunting lodge, Greinburg Castle, in Grein, Austria. Omissions? One variant that he used was a shield of the arms of Saxony, with a differenced version of the arms of the United Kingdom, charged with the label borne by his father on his father's arms (essentially, the arms of his father in reverse). She married Karl Otto Andree (10 February 1912 1984) on 23 December 1946 and divorced on 10 October 1949. ", In 2015, British tabloid The Sun published a 17 second black-and-white video clip that shows a young Princess Elizabeth offering a Nazi salute in 1933. , Sibilla Svezia (nata Sassonia-coburgo-gotha), Uberto Sassonia-coburgo-gotha, Carolina Matilde Sassonia-coburgo-gotha, Federico Giosea S Leopoldo Di Sassonia Coburgo Gotha, Elena Federica Di Sassonia Coburgo Gotha (nata Di Waldeck Pyrmont), Vittoria Adelaide Di Sassonia Coburgo Gotha (nata Di Schleswig), Leopold George Duncan Albert WETTIN, ERNESTINER, Helena Frederica Augusta WALDECK, Viktoria Adelheid Helene Luise Marie Frederike SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, OLDENBURG. [3], In 1919, his properties and collections in Coburg were transferred to the Coburger Landesstiftung[de], a foundation that still exists today. Her recovery after the birth was slow and perhaps hinted at some kind of postpartum depression. He is buried at the Waldfriedhof Cemetery (Waldfriedhof Beiersdorf) near Schloss Callenberg, in Beiersdorf near Coburg.[3]. [3] He broke off relations with his family at the British and Belgian courts; this did not suffice to overcome doubts about his loyalties in Germany. Wilhelm II chose Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein, the niece of his wife, Empress Augusta Victoria, as the bride of Charles Edward, who was her first cousin. Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826-1918) King of the Belgians (1831-1920) King of Portugal and the Algarves (1837-1910) Consort of the British monarch (1840-1861) Prince of Bulgaria (1887-1908) King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1901-1917) King of Australia (1901-1917) King of Canada (1901-1917) Emperor of India . The current head of the House of Bulgaria, the former Tsar Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was deposed and exiled after World War II, goes by the name of Simeon Sakskoburggotski and served as Bulgaria's prime minister from 2001 to 2005. His father was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. That decision was modified (February 8, 1960) to the effect that issue other than those styled prince or princess and royal highness should bear the name Mountbatten-Windsor. Family tree. [12][13][14] The armorial bearing of Saxony was put back in 2019. On June 19, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britain's King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles and surnames, changing the surname of . Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1884-1954), married Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Hostein Beatrice Mary Victoria (April 14, 1857-October 26, 1944) married Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858-1896) Following World War II, he was imprisoned for holding Nazi sympathies and was heavily fined. So, Churchill's solution? When World War I broke out, he decided to support the German Empire, and served in the German army. Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Title Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Birth name Leopold Charles Edward George Albert Birth date 19 July 1884 Death date 6 March 1954 Relationships Spouse (s) Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein (1905-1954) Children Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Early life. In 1946, he was sentenced to a 'de-nazification' court and heavily fined. A male-line grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he was also until 1919 a Prince of the United Kingdom and from birth held the British titles of Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow. Prince Charles Edward, 2nd Duke of Albany and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1884-1954), Son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. In 1900, a 16-year-old Prince Charles Edward inherited the Dukedom of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany, and started going by Karl-Eduard (or, in English, Carl Edward or Carl Eduard).. l Harald WETTIN, ERNESTINER, Sibylla Calma Marie Alice Bathildis Feodora WETTIN, ERNESTINER, Karoline Mathilde WETTIN, ERNESTINER, Johann July 19 1884 - Claremont House, Esher, Surrey, England, United Kingdom, Leopold George Duncan Albert WETTIN ERNESTINER VON SACHSEN COBURG GOTHA ALBANY, Helen Fredericka Augusta VON WALDECK UND PIRMONT, Viktoria Adelheid Helene Luise Marie Friederike OLDENBURG VON SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN SNDERBORG GLCKSBORG, old William Albert Ferdinand Victor WETTIN ERNESTINER VON SACHSEN COBURG GOTHA, Karoline Mathilde WETTIN ERNESTINER VON SACHSEN COBURG GOTHA, Alice WETTIN ERNESTINER VON SACHSEN COBURG GOTHA ATHLONE, Claremont House, Surrey, England, United Kingdom, Claremont House, Esher, Surrey, United Kingdom, Schloss Callenberg, Coburg, Bavaria, Germany, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein Gotthard-Schule, Gotha, Sachsen-Gotha-Coburg, Deutschland(DKR], Reinhardsbrunn, Friedrichroda, Thuringia, Germany, Schlo Callenberg, Coburg, Bayern, Deutschland (DWR), German: Carl Eduard Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (Duke of Albany u. Prinz von Grobritannien und Irland), Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Duchess of Albany, Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein, Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold of Sachsen-Coburg and Gotha, Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Karoline Mathilde von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Princess of Great Britain, Grfin zu Castell-Rdenhausen, Friedrich Josias Carl Eduard Ernst Kyrill Harald von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Prinz, Carl Eduard Herzog Von Sachsen-Coburg Und Gotha, Charles Edward Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Carl Eduard Georg Albert Luitpold WETTIN, ERNESTINER, Charles Edward WETTIN ERNESTINER VON SACHSEN COBURG GOTHA, Birth of Charles Edward Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Baptism of Charles Edward Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, His Royal Highness The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Although senior by birth, they were either not acceptable to the German Emperor as either a member of the British military or unwilling to move to Germany. [citation needed], Because of the First World War, the title of the family was unofficially changed in 1920 or 1921 to "of Belgium",[10][11] and the armorial bearings of Saxony were removed from the Belgian royal coat of arms. [15] His second son, Hubertus, was killed in action in 1943 in a plane crash on the Eastern Front near Mosty. [21] From 1936 to 1945, he served as a member of the Reichstag, representing the Nazi Party, and was president of the German Red Cross from December 1933 to 1945. house of Windsor, formerly (190117) Saxe-Coburg-Gotha or Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the royal house of the United Kingdom, which succeeded the house of Hanover on the death of its last monarch, Queen Victoria, on January 22, 1901. Charles Edward was never granted arms in the United Kingdom. [1] He studied Law at the University of Wrzburg from 1997 to 1999. ", In 1997, former U.S. Foreign Service officer Paul Sweet published "The Windsor File," wherein he wrote, "His pro-German feelings frequently found expression in indiscreet remarks that were not only insensitive to the brutalities of the Nazi regime but critical of 'slip-shod democracy.' [12], In 1940, Charles Edward travelled via Moscow and Japan to the US, where he met President Roosevelt at the White House. Charles Edward immediately inherited his father's title of Duke of Albany, but not of course his hemophilia. As Denis Judd wrote in his biography of King George VI, "The Duke and Duchess waxed enthusiastic about what they saw in Nazi Germany, particularly praising workers' houses and conditions in the factories, hospitals, and youth camps." He was condemned by many, and soon apologized. He also joined the 1st Garderegiment zu Fu at Potsdam and spent some time at the German court in Berlin. "It was a very great heartbreak for my mother that my brother had to succeed to Coburg. According to the House law of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the full title of the Duke was: Wir, Ernst, Herzog zu Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Jlich, Cleve und Berg, auch Engern und Westphalen, Landgraf in Thringen, Markgraf zu Meien, gefrsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf zu der Mark und Ravensberg, Herr zu Ravenstein und Tonna usw. [35] However, Coburg had become part of Bavaria in 1920,[36]:17 and was occupied by American forces. but that he was depicted "As if the trauma of being elevated to a dukedom and losing it had somehow robbed him of his ability to tell right from wrong. 1 Catherine, Princess of Wales; 2 William, Prince of Wales; 3 List of members of the British Royal Family; Explore Wikis Early life. They all married before he married Queen Elizabeth, and thus became a part of the royal family, but the connection is still worth nothing. On 21 December 1803 at Coburg, a young Victoria married (as his second wife) Charles, Prince of Leiningen (1763-1814), whose first wife, Henrietta of Reuss-Ebersdorf, had been her aunt. [14], The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused Charles much concern, and he watched anxiously during the ensuing power struggles between the left- and right-wing parties in Germany. [10] By 1936, he had agreed to be a spy for Hitler while attending the funeral of his first cousin George V at Sandringham,[23] but he was unreliable, according to a historian, "telling them what they wanted to hear". She married Flight Captain Max Schnirring (20 May 1895 7 July 1944) on 22 June 1938, and had issue. At the age of 13, Charles Edward became the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. [2] After 1919, the family retained Schloss Callenberg, some other properties (including those in Austria), and a right to live at Veste Coburg. [1], After falling ill, the young Royal duke was baptised privately at Claremont on 4 August 1884, two weeks after his birth, and publicly in Esher Parish Church on 4 December 1884 four months later. [13] Charles Edward became popular in Coburg but didn't enjoy his time in Berlin where the emperor seemed to have become resentful of him and frequently bullied him. [10] Although Charles Edward was too old for active service during World War II, his three sons served in the Wehrmacht. Friedenstein Palace (German: Schloss Friedenstein) is an early Baroque palace built in the mid-17th century by Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha at Gotha, Thuringia, Germany.In Germany, Friedenstein was one of the largest palaces of its time and one of the first Baroque palaces ever built.Friedenstein served as the main seat of the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha and later as one of the residences of the Dukes . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1884-1954) Profile Born on 19 July 1884 Father was Leopold, Duke of Albany Mother was Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont Married Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein Died on 6 March 1954 (aged 69 years) - CharlesEdward Duke of Albany Palace of Svt Anton in Slovakia, today a museum, Ebenthal, Lower Austria, today private property, Walterskirchen castle near Poysdorf, Lower Austria is still owned by the family, L'Huillier-Coburg Palace, acquired 1831, today owned by the Hungarian state. [15][16] The following year, he also lost his British titles, though some personal sympathy remained for him among the political establishment in the United Kingdom, due to the way German nationality had been forced on him as a teenager. They dined with the American generals holding her brother, who declined to release him. [7], Charles Edward died of cancer in his flat in Elssser Strae, Coburg, on 6 March 1954, at the age of 69,[41] a "penniless criminal", according to one report. Their eldest son was Edward VII. The Sun says the film shows Edward VIII showing Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret how to do the salute. [1] There was a massive difference between Britain's lifestyle and Germany's lifestyles, for which he struggled initially. On 29 April 1964, Katharine gave birth to a daughter named Helen Marina Lucy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor were sympathetic to Nazi Germany. However the custom of royals and nobles stipulated that a wife can never gain the membership of her husband's house, but must remain a member of her own. During World War II, however, the Duke of Windsor left Paris for Biarritz, France, then for Spain and Libson, Portugal. "I phoned Willy and Kate, asked what they thought. 1939 and 1940. Ernest's younger brother Leopold became King of the Belgians in 1831, and his descendants continue to serve as Belgian monarchs. .css-1du65oy{color:#323232;display:block;font-family:NewParis,Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0.3125rem;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1du65oy:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.3125rem;line-height:1.2;}}Kate Recreated a Past Outfit for St. David's Day, Royals Confirmed to Attend Charles's Coronation. Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 02:15, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, "The House of Windsor A Proclamation 1917", British Monarchist Society and Foundation, Former king marks first year as Bulgarian Prime Minister, Lord Alderdice speaking in the House of Lords on 19 May 2005, "Chapitre 23: Le roi-chevalier n'est pas un hros", "La famille royale s'appelle nouveau Saxe-Cobourg: pourquoi est-ce bientt la fin des "de Belgique"? [12] Duke Alfred (who was then still alive) wanted to separate the boy from his mother so she took him to stay with her brother-in-law Wilhelm of Wrttemberg and found him a tutor. [1] On November 9, 1918, after the German Empire lost World War I, the Workers' and Soldiers Council of Gotha, deposed the last Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward, a grandson of Queen Victoria. The New York Times reported, "Before tea, Hitler showed his guests the house and grounds. However, in 1952, soon after her accession, she declared in council that her children and descendants would bear the surname Windsor. Hubertus, Charles Edward's second son, was the favourite child. Prince Charles Edward, 2nd Duke of Albany and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with his family. [3] As Leopold had died before Charles Edward's birth,[4] Prince Charles Edward succeeded to his titles at birth and was styled His Royal Highness the Duke of Albany. He became president of the German Red Cross in 1933, and was extremely involved with the Nazi government during World War II. , the German Empire, and Coburg were seized by the Americans under arrest. Descendants continue to serve as Belgian monarchs the Waldfriedhof Cemetery ( Waldfriedhof Beiersdorf ) Schloss! Cross had already been placed under the Nazis ' control was demanded in Coburg. [ ]. He liberally supported the court theatres in both towns he was condemned many. House, Esher ; Died Sat, 6 March 1954 May 1895 7 July 1944 on! From 30 July 1900 until 1918 crimes against humanity ; s title of Duke of and..., the German court in Berlin theatres in both towns kind of postpartum depression over the,... Have any questions VIII showing Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret how to do the salute immediately inherited his &. With Portuguese law, only after the birth was slow and perhaps hinted at some of... Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha was born at Claremont house near Esher, Surrey the United Kingdom were seized by time... The Waldfriedhof Cemetery ( Waldfriedhof Beiersdorf ) near Schloss Callenberg, in Beiersdorf near Coburg. [ ]... Probably one of the biggest mistakes of my life, '' he shared for active service during War. He was sentenced to a daughter named Helen Marina Lucy ' control Gotha was born 24... Although Charles Edward was imprisoned until 1946, he was condemned by many, and served the... Placed under the Nazis ' control: Prince Harry and Meghan Markle 's docuseries, Privacy! Times of public celebration birth was slow and perhaps hinted at some kind of depression. German Red Cross in 1933, and had issue daughter named Helen Marina Lucy course his hemophilia she married Captain... Out of Sale/Targeted Ads Nazi government during World War II, his sons. On 24 August 1909 at Reinhardsbrunn Castle, Germany and their children, 1915 of public celebration after.! Duchess of Windsor were sympathetic to Nazi Germany Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and... Encourage the pro-Nazi sentiments of the page across from the article title this article ( requires login ) 1997 1999... 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