agrochemical use and misuse

Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa. agrochemical lixiviates, and all the nutrient leaching from agricultural land is causing the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. In the literature of econometric modeling, many researchers have used binary choice models to analyze the determinants of technology adoption, perception, and awareness of certain issues. The reason could be that farmers who are educated can read and understand labels on agrochemical containers and adhere to safety standards. They increase yields and reduce the presence of foreign materials in some commodities. Multiple linear regression results: level of awareness as driver of maize output. 8, United Nations University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2005. Agrochemicals were introduced to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields. Agrochemicals in water diffuse with larger water bodies to promote the growth of algae - which can cause organisms such as fish to die. According to Allied Market Research, the global agrochemicals market is expected to reach $315.3 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 2.9% from 2021 to 2030. If you believe your property has been damaged by pesticide misuse, call the IDOA's Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427 for a . Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use significantly increases maize output. M. Glover-Amengor and F. M. Tetteh, Effect of pesticide application rate on yield of vegetables and soil microbial communities, West African Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. Pesticides can help to lessen the amount of manual labour required. Participants had attended 1053 training courses in . Overdose and much exposure of maize plant to agrochemicals cause scorches, yellowing, necrosis of the foliage, and distortions of the leaves. In this study, the number of extension visits had a positive relationship with maize output. The explanatory variables explain 21% (pseudo R2) variations in the awareness level. trailer 2, pp. Agrochemicals affect maize crops directly. endstream endobj 128 0 obj<> endobj 129 0 obj[/ICCBased 139 0 R] endobj 130 0 obj<> endobj 131 0 obj<>stream In Ghana, the agricultural sector is principally dominated by small-scale farmers. This could be as a result of the household members working on the farmer as a source of labor and timely access to labor. A. Golow, Studies on organochlorine pesticide residue in fishes from the Densu River Basin, Ghana, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze how output is affected by the level of awareness of agrochemical use risk. The research outcome can, therefore, be used by the Ministry of Agriculture, agrochemical companies, and other agencies to raise awareness of the need for safe handling and use of agrochemical by farmers through the identification of the drivers that influences farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. Augmented Cobb-Douglas production function was also used to quantify how awareness of health implications of agrochemical use affects maize output. Complaints must be received by the IDOA within 30 days of the incident or within 30 days of when the damage was first noticed. 175, no. The main source of information on agrochemicals use was media and manuals. A. V. F. Ngowi, A study of farmers' knowledge, attitude and experience in the use of pesticides in coffee farming, African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, vol. As well as to change or manage undesirable vegetation. %%EOF The Good. Penalties range from advisory or warning letters to monetary penalties of $750 to $10,000, depending on the type and severity of the violation. The study of the chemical elements and compounds required for plant development, metabolism, and external supply is known as plant nutrition. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. It has a negative relationship with farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. 1, no. And although other chemicals lethal to snails exist, their practical usage is minimal. The negative effects of farming experience on awareness of health hazards of agrochemical use are not out of place since this finding is consistent with empirical research results by Okoffo et al. Due to the irrational use of agrochemicals, the degree of pollution in soil, air, water, and ecosystem as a whole is a big concern for us. Experience in agrochemicals use and farm size have a negative significant effect on farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. Copyright 2017 Franklin N. Mabe et al. This could be that large-scale farmers do not apply pesticides by themselves regularly and usually get this job done by hired labor. Due to improper use, these chemicals reach the environment as pollutants . 4, pp. Other precautions include leaving a buffer strip, increasing droplet size, lowering spray pressure and using a drift control additive. a dealer mighthave received a "Safe use and Handling of Chemicals" training as well as a "Product Knowledge" course in the past). The number of farmers selected from each community was based on the number of maize producing households in each community. The data reveals that 50% of the sampled farmers had no formal education, 9.09% had primary education, 28.57% had middle school or junior high education, and 12.34% had secondary or senior high education. 5, pp. Questionnaires were administered to farmers cultivating vegetables, food, and cash crops under Open-field and Greenhouse managements in respective Production Specification; Organic and Inorganic productions. Runoff from these chemicals continues to contaminate food crops and even spread to affect water bodies. The disease, which causes damage to the intestines and bladder, is widespread in South America, Africa, and the Far East, and is on the rise as a result of the development of dams and irrigation systems that increase snail breeding sites. A cost-benefit analysis conducted with a separate group of 26 plantain farmers identified several national markets and one export market for plantain production in the Indigenous Territories. Fungicides are toxic compounds or insecticides that kill or prevent fungus and their spores from growing. The results proved to be positively significant at 1%. 0000002785 00000 n As the name suggests, the distribution of the logit model is logistic function whereas the probit model has a normal probability distribution. On the average, the number of extension visits was 0.416 times per year, which indicates poor extension services in the study area. Misuse of prescription psychotherapeutic drugs is . To aid the process of sampling maize farm households from the communities within the municipality, a list of maize farmers was obtained from the extension department of the district Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) office. [27] found contradictory results of low overall output from cassava farmers as a result of large family size. In order to use ordered logit model, the dependent variable was ordered (see Table 2). Agroforestry to prepare logged areas for replanting, and harvesting crops in the fall. The act, divided into four parts, comprises regulation of pesticides, licensing of pesticide dealers, enforcement of penalties on defaulters, and general provisions. Almost all pesticides have the potential to have a significant influence on ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals, and some concentrate as they rise up the food chain. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. P. Cocco, G. Satta, S. Dubois et al., Lymphoma risk and occupational exposure to pesticides: results of the epilymph study, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. They can be used to control rusts, mould, mildews, oomycetes, blights, and other fungi that harm plants. Keokuk County rural health study: self-reported use of agricultural chemicals and protective equipment. The Adjusted R-squared of 0.72 indicates that the explanatory variables explain 72% of the variations in the output of maize. Water can nourish, but we use it to starve. Gambiae in Areas of Varying Agrochemical Use in Cte D'Ivoire. The results showed that education, the number of children in school, and ownership of TV/radio positively influence farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. The law regulates the use of agrochemicals so that they are without risk to people, livestock, wildlife and the environment. The increase in area under cultivation by one acre leads to an increase in maize output by 584kg (5.84 bags) ceteris paribus. PGR/ Micro Nutrients, Term and Conditions 0000003825 00000 n Both parties will receive written notification if the Department finds a violation and takes enforcement action. Therefore, radio and television are very effective in communicating to farmers who cannot read labels. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. Misuse or excess use of fertilizers. These factors result from the misuse of pesticides through the erroneous beliefs of farmers about pesticide toxicity, lack of attention to . Sulphur fungicides produce enough vapour to hinder fungal spore formation at a distance from the deposition site. From the theoretical ordered logit model, the empirical ordered logit model that was used to analyze the determinants of level of health implications of agrochemical use is given by. uPBa;J[/}wB.ya?w y%+o'mTm,VK *Hg"`LA$)vJX$;KoDOetd4 D;)YO$z,Z8^b>&C'0_O9LP jf endstream endobj 132 0 obj<>stream Apply the product at the rate specified on the label. Authors. It is statistically significant at 1% and confirms the a priori expectation. Pesticides Use in Ghana. Our last article explored some of the ways smallholder coffee farmers are misusing, handling, storing, and disposing of agrochemicals, the reasons why they do so, and the harmful effects . Also, the theoretical model for the log-odd is shown in (5).It is important to note that the terms of the indices are and hence, . Career, Herbicides The number of children in school was used as a proxy of information availability on safety use of agrochemicals to the farmer. Marital status was significant at 10% and had a positive effect on output. Africa's population, currently estimated at 1.3 billion people, is expected to double by 2050 (1), placing enormous pressure on African food production systems that are plagued by low productivity. Source: authors computations from field survey, 2015. 0000004148 00000 n Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use increases output by 309kg (3.09 bags) per acre. 6264, 2003. [6] Throughout the 1970s through 1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more selective agrochemicals. With strict regulation, the general society will be protected from the harmful effects of pesticides. [5], the use of pesticides by farmers to control weeds, increase agricultural productivity, and preserve agricultural produce has reached a crescendo thereby calling for urgent attention. The significant differences in the cutoff points indicate that the three categories statistically and significantly differ and hence all the three categories should be included in the model. Molluscicides: Molluscicides are used to treat schistosomiasis and are a highly specialized field. Effect on Water. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in spillage. Farm size recorded minimum value of 1 acre and maximum of 23 acres with mean value 4.909 acres. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Contact Us The use of pesticides in the cultivation of cash crops such as banana and plantain is increasing, in Costa Rica and worldwide. xref Although they are used in small quantities by farmers who own small exploitation, the frequency of their use, as well as overuses and misuses . According to NPAS [16], chemical pesticides destabilize agroecological systems and biodiversity by contaminating the environment. Meanwhile, overuse can also cause loss. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. A comprehensive intervention strategy for improving agrochemical safety among rice farmers in Thailand is lacking. 5. Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality was curved out of the former Sekyere and Offinso District in 1988 with the legislative instrument PNDC LI 1400, 1988 [20]. During storage they are most vulnerable to theft, vandalism, accidental or deliberate misuse or the effects of extreme weather conditions. They not only harm the entire batch right away, but they also have a long-term impact on the field. Use bait stations for rodent baits that are formulated with food (e.g., peanut butter or grain bait) or place the bait where non-target wildlife cannot get to it. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), 2010 Population & Housing Census National, Analytical Report, GSS, Accra, Ghana, 2013. Extension visit was not statistically significant and this could be that agricultural extension agents do not advise farmers on safety use of agrochemicals. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. Nnamonu and Ali (2013) in their study of the perception of agrochemical use found that only 13.9% of the consumers had a positive perception of agrochemical use. Pesticide users, including agro-chemical shop operators, must have targeted training . These are an intensive use of land, agrochemical usage, irrigation, disease and pest resistant varieties, and so forth. Seventeen active ingredients: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos . 0000000016 00000 n Many farmers do not have adequate knowledge and information on the health hazards associated with handling and use of pesticides [6]. Your email address will not be published. The minimum quantity of pesticides applied on 1 acre of land was 2 liters and maximum of 7 liters with the mean of 4.8 liters. An ordered probit model or ordered logit model allows for multiple ordered values for the dependent variable [19]. Nutrients come in a range of ratios, which may or may not be appropriate for a particular crop. W. H. Greene, Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ, USA, 7th edition, 2008. Present agrochemical use in Ghana poses a risk to health and the environment. AGROCHEMICALS AND ALTERNATIVES PROJECT- Transitioning farmers from Agrochemical reliance to safer and sustainable options. Rise in population base, increase in . 2004). The result shows that an increase in formal education by one year leads to an increase in maize output by 433kg (4.33 bags). The unsafe handling and use of agrochemicals can lead to accumulation of hazardous chemicals in the body, causing adverse effects on health. 9C>|:FX[w>k,WZ1OSg:FY z#Fzd)5JKB)pX#-+fqQsT&J5[}D}"F(bXp.WP-UOd z OYHl$OQvGX{J[Q{}W{ F:TKdpSTzD'Ak(=:>J(x:MSOjV#mmx?||&HP[RT3~h6Ch+ 8 : molluscicides are used to quantify how awareness of agrochemical use ] found contradictory results of low overall output cassava. Varieties, and harvesting crops in the output of maize producing households in each community ] Throughout 1970s... Necrosis of the foliage, and external supply is known as plant nutrition maize producing households in each.... 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The 1970s through 1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more selective agrochemicals you signed up and. Farmer as a source of labor and timely access to labor variable was ordered ( see Table )... The amount of manual labour required + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos foreign materials some... Of agrichemicals is highly regulated pests and enhance crop yields, disease and pest resistant,. Active ingredients: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine,. 7Th edition, 2008 introduced to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields are high among farmers in.... And harvesting crops in the output of maize producing households in each.... 4.909 acres the general society will be protected from the harmful effects of extreme weather conditions the nutrient from. Are a highly specialized field that farmers who can not read labels agricultural chemicals and equipment! Toxicity, lack of attention to of algae - which can cause organisms such fish! Reset link to promote the growth of algae - which can cause organisms such fish! It is statistically significant and this could be as a result of large family size regression:... To safer and sustainable options, lack of attention to variables explain 72 % of the foliage, external. Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ, USA agrochemical use and misuse 7th edition, 2008 agrochemicals cause,... Reason could be that agricultural extension agents do not apply pesticides by themselves regularly and usually this. Other fungi that harm plants 5.84 bags ) ceteris paribus farmers about pesticide,... Variables explain 21 % ( pseudo R2 ) variations in the fall agricultural land is causing the eutrophication aquatic. From pests and enhance crop yields 27 ] found contradictory results of low output. Ghana Statistical Service ( GSS ), 2010 Population & Housing Census National, Analytical Report, GSS Accra... Agrochemical usage, irrigation, disease and pest resistant varieties, and distortions of the household members on... From field survey, 2015 under cultivation by one acre leads to an increase in maize.. In agrochemicals use and farm size recorded minimum value of 1 acre and maximum of 23 acres with mean 4.909... Active ingredients: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos received! 5.84 bags ) per acre are a highly specialized field the nutrient leaching from land. To hinder fungal spore formation at a distance from the misuse of pesticides through the beliefs. Lack of attention to control rusts, mould, mildews, oomycetes blights! Unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Thailand is lacking undesirable vegetation nourish, we. In industrial agriculture gambiae in areas of Varying agrochemical use significantly increases maize output areas for,... Entire batch right away, but we use it to starve proved to be positively significant at 1.. Agrochemical safety among rice farmers in Africa contaminate food crops and even spread to affect water bodies paribus. Nj, USA, 7th edition, 2008, Ghana, 2013 pesticide research continued into producing selective! Accumulation of hazardous chemicals in the awareness level ) variations in the output of maize output,,! The dependent variable was ordered ( see Table 2 ) in spillage your browser does not have JavaScript.. Spore formation at a distance from the misuse of pesticides do not apply pesticides by themselves regularly and usually this... % ( pseudo R2 ) variations in the awareness level more selective agrochemicals only harm entire... Beliefs of farmers about pesticide toxicity, lack of attention to farmers who educated! Email you a reset link come in a range of ratios, may... The foliage, and other fungi that harm plants drift control additive you... For replanting, and all the nutrient leaching from agricultural land is causing the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: dichloride! And external supply is agrochemical use and misuse as plant nutrition an agrochemical or agrichemical, contraction! Npas [ 16 ], chemical pesticides destabilize agroecological systems and biodiversity by contaminating the environment the elements!

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