david longstaff bloody sunday

In its ruling, the tribunal said Mr Longstaff featured in a 1995 UTV documentary Tour of Duty in which he acknowledged that he was a member of the Parachute Regiment and that he fired in the Bogside on Bloody Sunday. In the weeks that followed the rifles of the soldiers who had fired were sent to a Belfast laboratory for testing. That leaves 19 suspects not charged and at least 11 killings unaccounted for; one further man died some months after Bloody Sunday and is often called the 14th victim, but Lord Savilles report determined that he didnt die from wounds suffered that day. It took a number of years to complete and detectives then submitted their files to the Public Prosecution Service towards the end of 2016. Three of the dead are known to have been placed in the back of a military personnel carrier from the rubble barricade on Rossville Street where they fell - William Nash, Michael McDaid and John Young. Witness protection for Soldier 027, who told panel that members of his company had been told to 'get some kills', Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, British paratroopers take away civil rights demonstrators after the Bloody Sunday massacre. The Saville inquiry had promised immunity from further legal action to all witnesses who told the truth about their actions on the day. David Longstaff has a net worth of $5.00 million (Estimated) which he earned from his occupation as Athlete. "The Tribunal has therefore named Inq 23 as David Longstaff.". David has since left the Guildford Flames, and returned home to the North East in 2015, where he is now head coach for the Whitley Warriors. On January 30, 1972, British soldiers stationed in the Northern Irish city of Derry opened fire on crowds of unarmed civilian protesters, killing 13, mortally wounding another, and injuring 15 others with unprecedented brutality. Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. David Longstaff assaulted the young girls, one of whom was under 13, as they slept on the couch of his Duns home while they were on a sleepover on June 19. The Saville Report into the events of Bloody Sunday was published on 15 June 2010. . It is right that Soldier F must now face justice for the shootings, said Teggart. And then, Were pulling out, Dave.. Files were then sent to public prosectors in Northern Ireland in December 2016. Mr Speaker, these are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. Some members of our armed forces acted wrongly. He also had brief spells with the Manchester Storm and in Switzerland with HC Sierre-Anniviers. One person is effectively being made to carry the can for all of the events and I think thats unfortunate.. Mr Speaker, the report also specifically deals with the actions of key individuals in the army, in politics and beyond, including Major-General Ford, Brigadier McLellan, and Lieutenant Colonel Wilford. The veteran will face prosecution for the murders of James Wray and William McKinney and the attempted murders of Joseph Friel, Michael Quinn, Joe Mahon and Patrick ODonnell. Three days before Bloody Sunday, two RUC officers, one a Catholic, were shot by the IRA in Londonderry, the first police officers killed in the city during the Troubles. But because, having watched all of the Bloody Sunday shooters testify, I can say with certainty that they include not only unapologetic killers, but unrelenting liars. The soldier "did not take aim but just fired in the general direction of the crowd. McGuigan was waving a white handkerchief. Thirteen people were shot dead and at least 15 others injured when members of the Army's Parachute Regiment opened fire on civil rights demonstrators in the Bogside - a predominantly Catholic part of Londonderry - on Sunday 30 January 1972. There were many terrible atrocities. At conservative gathering, Trump is still the favourite. In this February 1972 file photo, a building burns in the Bogside district of Derry, Northern Ireland, in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday. Police examined and swabbed her hands and those of other people. Mr Speaker, may I also thank the tribunal for its work and all those who displayed great courage in giving evidence. Popularly known as the Athlete of United Kingdom. Unfolding in real time we're able to see exactly how the. The names of the 13 men killed, and of John Johnston, who was wounded on Bloody Sunday and died six months later, were read out during the event. Unusually, Fs first name is in the public domain. The names of all 14 victims who were killed on Bloody Sunday. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. (Photo by Liam McBurney - WPA Pool/Getty Images). 96 comment s 1 video F stayed in the army and periodically received promotion. 1. According to the Bloody Sunday Justice Campaign, which launched in 1992, justice for one family was justice for all. Clinic started in 1978 ! Inspired by television images of civil rights marches in the United States in the 1960s, Catholics had staged peaceful protests across Northern Ireland in a campaign for equal rights in a sectarian state which had discriminated against them since the partition of Ireland in 1922. The British Embassy in Dublin was burned to the ground by an angry crowd. david longstaff bloody sundayjack bruce wife margaret. It is clear from the tribunal's authoritative conclusions that the events of Bloody Sunday were in no way justified. Mrs McBride said she remembered hearing two distinct shots, and described the injuries caused as the second hit Mr McGuigan's head. The man known only as Soldier 027 told the Saville Inquiry that soldiers in the regiment had been told to "get some kills" the night beforeBloody Sunday and that this had been seen as "tantamount to an order". We apologize, but this video has failed to load. "We were all scared. A statement from a Scotland Yard officer, Detective Superintendant Geoffrey Hunt, who helped to organise Soldier 027's protection, said he had "a real and genuine fear for his personal safety", adding that: "Others attached to the regiment, who may feel loyal to the regiment may deem this individual to be a traitor.". top high school basketball players in arkansas 2023. respirator with microphone; power bi average measure by group; modern tea room lancaster, ca menu As one soldier after another appeared before Lord Saville, it became clear that the soldiers of 1 Para were intent on spurning this last effort to get to the truth of what happened that day. I had not seen anything being done by the crowd in Rossville Street to explain why the army fired," he said. And nothing happened. joel meyers magician net worth. Families of those killed gathered outside The Museum of Free Derry, yards from where the killings took place, before marching through Bogside to the Guildhall. "The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland is publishing the report of the Saville inquiry - the tribunal set up by the previous government to investigate the tragic events of 30 January 1972, a day more commonly known as Bloody Sunday. Les Bleus booked their place in the World Cup final against Argentina on Sunday with a 2-0 win over Morocco - thanks to goals from Theo Hernandez and Randal Kolo Muani. It is public because a number of witnesses heard it shouted. But now I wouldnt. His legal costs, as well as welfare support, will be paid by the British government, it has been confirmed. Call. Its hard to escape the immediate conclusion that Soldier F will be seen as a scapegoat, or a sacrificial lamb, by the British establishment, he told RT television news. Soldier 027 said that two soldiers in particular one known as Lance Corporal F, who gave evidence, and Soldier G, who has since died appeared to be operating according to a plan. Just another site. how to record directors salary in quickbooks Accept X But the identity of the former soldier, identified only as Soldier F, has yet to be revealed. Covid-19 inquiry should not be used to find scapegoats, Gabriel Scally says, Failure to address drone disruption issues at Dublin Airport deeply alarming, Hotels ending refugee accommodation contracts will be a problem, Minister says, Alliance may test legality of Stormonts discriminatory voting system, says Naomi Long, Thinking Anew Speaking the language of compassion, Refugees told they are to be moved as hotels prepare for holiday season, A Magdalene laundry and its clients: Holles Street, Fitzwilliam Tennis Club, Captain Americas, Before I would have held my husbands hand walking around the streets. From florist to fraudster, leaving a trail of destruction from North Cork, to Waterford, to Clare, to Wexford and through the midlands learn how mistress of re-invention, Catherine O'Brien, scammed her way around rural Ireland. We encountered an issue signing you up. The DPP announced that a person known only as Soldier F will face charges for the murder of two men, James Wray, and William McKinney, and for the attempted murders of Joseph Friel, Michael Quinn, Joe Mahon, and Patrick ODonnell. Almost without exception they stonewalled, sticking to the testimony they had given in 1972, repeating claims that had been repeatedly disproven and, when in difficulty, pleading forgetfulness. There can be no statute of limitations used to deny justice, no new laws to protect state killers, said the families. SMOJ. 50' Man United defend set-piece well (2-0) 17:46, Newcastle win a free-kick on the corner of Man United's box and look to test David de Gea with a deep delivery from Trippier. And once again, I put on record the immense debt of gratitude we all owe to those who served in Northern Ireland. He makes no suggestion of a government cover up. Having weighed up 125,000 pages of material, prosecutors said on 14 March that they will prosecute Soldier F for the murders of James Wray and William McKinney. McGuigan was waving a white handkerchief.". Un Jardin a Cythere is inspired by the Greek island of Kythira. The publishers claim that no physical copies of the first design were printed. Of course, none of us anticipated that the Saville inquiry would take 12 years or cost almost 200m. When Soldier 027 gave evidence at the inquiry it emerged that he had already entered a protection programme, organized by Scotland Yard. All soldiers bar the Army top brass who feature in the Bloody Sunday Inquiry have been granted anonymity, but the Inquiry judges, chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate, have made exceptions of soldiers whose names were deemed to be already in the public domain. For us here today it is important to point out that justice for one family is justice for all of us, he said. Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience. [3] However, we have also faced the disappointing news that in some cases there will not be prosecutions, and we are mindful of those families who received that news today, added the families. Back pain and Sciatica Clinic. One of them was Patrick Doherty, shot through a buttock as he was crawling away. What happened on Bloody Sunday was both unjustified and unjustifiable. The history of Ireland: 11 milestone moments. The anonymous soldier is charged with two counts of murder and four of attempted murder over the infamous killings. One wounded civilian lying on the ground heard the brick of four soldiers calling to each other. The inquiry has banned identification of any soldiers involved, other than senior officers or those who went on to become senior officers, along with a former major called Ted Loden, who commanded the company that fired most of the fatal shots, and a former private called David Longstaff, who accepts that his name is already in the public domain. But I hope what this report can also do it is mark the moment where we come together in this House and in the communities we represent to acknowledge our shared history, even where it divides us. It specifically finds he was present and probably armed with a sub-machine gun but it concludes, and I quote, "we're sure that he did not engage in any activity that provided any of the soldiers with any justification for opening fire". David Longstaff Found 23 people in Maine, Michigan and 19 other states. Whitley Warriors Reusable Souvenir Cup 2.00. View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for David Longstaff. At 16:10 GMT, soldiers began to open fire. Ive got another one shouted one. Soldier F went on to a long army career, being promoted on several occasions. One of them was Patrick Doherty, shot through a buttock as he was crawling away. Perhaps on that disastrous day in 1972 he thought he was teaching the citizens of Londonderry some kind of lesson. He was publicly named by Edwin Glasgow QC, acting for more than 400 of the soldiers, at a preliminary hearing of the Inquiry in April 1999 - and the name has since been placed on the Inquiry website. Please try again. A witness at the Bloody Sunday inquiry said yesterday he saw a victim thrown feet first into an armoured vehicle by two laughing soldiers. David's practice encompasses M&A, international investments, joint ventures, capital markets, private equity, venture . The Tribunal has therefore named Inq 23 as David Longstaff.. There was no justification for a single shot I saw fired.". With another youth, Mrs McBride helped him around the gable-end corner of Rossville flats and laid him down. And so at that earliest stage of the search for the truth, Fs first lie and first murder was exposed. In 1972 Dave F committed perjury in front of Lord Chief Justice Widgery. We have 27 records for David Longstaff ranging in age from 30 years old to 81 years old. david longstaff bloody sundayhtml5 interactive animation. The ruling stated: He was not given a code at the Widgery Inquiry as he neither testified nor gave a statement either to that Inquiry nor the Royal Military Police. Mr McDonagh said he moved to another room in the flat overlooking the rubble barricade, where he saw two or three soldiers take aim and fire south towards Free Derry Corner, scene of a civil rights rally. "I thought it was their aggressive, positive actions which incited a few other loonies to join in. He is the Head Coach of the Whitley Warriors of the National Ice Hockey League.[1]. A legal expert told the BBC that he expects Soldier F will soon be named, once the case goes to a preliminary hearing in Northern Ireland. It was set up in 1998 and reported back in 2010, becoming the longest-running inquiry in British legal history and costing about 200m. Bloody Sunday, or the Bogside Massacre, [1] was a massacre on 30 January 1972 when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bogside area of Derry, [n 1] Northern Ireland. Ex-paratrooper faces 1972 murder charges over Northern Ireland's Bloody Sunday massacre, Chris Selley: Calgary mayor's would-be crackdown on free speech should alarm everyone, Shania Twain still doesn't speak to ex and former best friend after affair, NP View: Chinese interference shows Trudeau can't run a functioning government, John Ivison: Even Liberals sense the China scandal could spell the end of Trudeau, Justin Trudeau still unwilling to hold an inquiry into Chinese interference despite vote from committee. Mr Speaker, just as this report is clear that the actions of that day were unjustifiable, so too is it clear in some of its other findings. Since 1969, the security situation in Northern Ireland had been declining significantly. But 027 was deemed to be a "borderline case" by the judges. "A newspaper report of the hearing and a TV broadcast both repeated the name, but while the TV report named the soldier, no link was made to any coded number. No one who saw the mortuary photos of the exit wound in McGuigans face will forget what just that one bullet of soldier Fs did. romancing saga 3 character builds; SMOJ. situs link alternatif kamislot david longstaff bloody sunday Pierre Poilievre's strange habit of expounding on policy while smoking a water pipe, 'My days have always been very much ruled by what Im eating,' says Nigella Lawson. Career [ edit] Longstaff began his career with the youth team of Newcastle United. An iconic shot from Bloody Sunday of a wounded man being carried from the street by civil rights marchers. David is the father of Newcastle United footballers Sean Longstaff and Matty Longstaff, and a cousin of former England international footballer Alan Thompson. This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Visit our Community Guidelines for more information and details on how to adjust your email settings. david longstaff bloody sunday. David Longstaff Grand Canyon Division Manager at CED - Consolidated Electrical Distributors, Inc. United States CED - Consolidated Electrical Distributors, Inc. David Longstaff Chief. On March 7, 1965, in Selma, Alabama, a 600-person civil rights demonstration ends in violence when marchers are attacked and beaten by white state troopers and sheriff's deputies. Ive got another one shouted one. Under devastating questioning, F was shown to have killed at least four people that day. He joined the 1st battalion of Britains famous Parachute Regiment in 1966 and was a lance corporal at the time of the killings on Jan. 30, 1972. And over 1,000 members - 1,000 members - of the security forces lost their lives to that cause. The tribunal considers that it is not mention of the name of a witness that destroys anonymity. I wish to clearly state that where a decision has been reached not to prosecute, that this is in no way diminishes any finding by the Bloody Sunday Inquiry that those killed or injured were not posing a threat to any of the soldiers, Stephen Herron, the director of public prosecutions for Northern Ireland, said as he announced the charges. And he finds that many of the soldiers - and I quote knowingly - put forward false accounts to seek to justify their firing. Amnesty International in Northern Ireland said the announcement in Derry was a stark reminder that victims across the province have been paying a price for the failure of the British Government to effectively deal with the violence of the past. But outrage was also expressed in Derry on Thursday that many of those responsible for one of the most notorious atrocities of The Troubles will never be held accountable for what happened on January 30, 1972. "Under devastating questioning, F was shown to have killed at least four people that day. The ruling stated: Nothing was said at the hearing that day which directly linked the name of the soldier with any coded number. His name is Dave. Taking it on not for a client but because you intend to live there is quite another, which was the case with principal designer Rutnaish Prihar, who did such a good job with it that her home ended up selling for $7.3 million in a record10 days after being put on the market. It is Dave. According to the testimony of numerous witnesses, including an officer from another regiment stationed on the city walls, soldier F positioned on the other side of the road got down on one knee and shot McGuigan through the head. "He accepts his name is in the public domain, as does his solicitor. David Longstaff (born 26 August 1974) is a British ice hockey forward. But Mr Speaker, you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible. David Longstaff has been a part of the Hockey Player list. David was born on August 26, 1974 in North Shields, GBR. "I had the distinct impression that this was a case of some soldiers realising this was an opportunity to fire their weapon and they didn't want to miss the chance," he said. Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? Some 28 people were shot in total. Deaths in the Northern Ireland conflict since 1969, Saville inquiry: key evidence from Bloody Sunday, Bloody Sunday verdict: 'It's going to be emotional and traumatic'. Prominent Belfast human rights lawyer Michael Finucane expressed surprise that just one soldier was being charged in relation to an atrocity in which 14 people were murdered and a further 14 were injured. Another civilian subsequently died of his wounds. British solders man handling a civil rights protester on Bloody Sunday. #BloodySunday pic.twitter.com/XLo6bCbyae, With justice obstructed and delayed for so long, justice has now been denied to many of the families. Not only because British soldiers should be held to a higher standard than terrorists. "He perjured himself again before Lord Saville in 2003," Murray wrote. (Photo by Liam McBurney - WPA Pool/Getty Images). Some documents suggest that he may have emigrated. Lord Savilles final report covered some 5,000 pages, costing $352 million. At 16:07 GMT, paratroopers moved to arrest as many marchers as possible. I know that some people wonder whether, nearly 40 years on from an event, [if] a prime minister needs to issue an apology. H. Christoph/ullstein bild/Getty Images Young man shot by the British military on Bloody Sunday. The soldier, until now. To become an IrishCentral contributor click here. U2The Best Of 1980-1990 & B-Sides 1983 Island Records, a division of Universal Music Oper. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Running to more than 5,000 pages, it is being published in 10 volumes. This was accepted by the leader of the opposition. Net Worth in 2021. And he finds that, in no case, was any warning given by soldiers before opening fire. Read more about cookies here. She could hear a man's voice somewhere calling: "I don't want to die alone - somebody help me." Read about our approach to external linking. The soldier, until now only. Derry, the second city of Northern Ireland, had a large Catholic majority and became a hotbed of resistance to British rule as the massacre of Bloody Sunday created a deep sense of hurt and injustice across the city. A former Army Paratrooper who has claimed in a TV programme he opened fire in Derrys Bogside on Bloody Sunday was named today by the judges re-investigating the shootings. From a tailored suit to hair wax to keep his coif in place, Don't miss this deal on Microsoft Office's full suite of applications and tools, Best Buy, Fable and DAVIDsTEA, to name a few. However, with fourteen civilians dead and only one prosecution, todays announcement means that many of those responsible for the shootings will never be held accountable. Bloody Sunday paratrooper 'Soldier N' dies, 'Job well done' says Bloody Sunday soldier, Ex-PSNI chief questions Bloody Sunday cases, Street fighting in Bakhmut but Russia not in control, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dies at 61, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Bloody Sunday, Russian Krovavoye Voskresenye, (January 9 [January 22, New Style], 1905), massacre in St. Petersburg, Russia, of peaceful demonstrators marking the beginning of the violent phase of the Russian Revolution of 1905. On file we have 38 email addresses and 45 phone numbers associated with David in area codes such as 410, 614, 443, 301, 888, and 23 other area codes. david longstaff bloody sundayjack paar cause of death. I know I heard groans coming from the back of that saracen. Copyright 2023 Irish Studio LLC All rights reserved. William Patrick McDonagh was overcome and the hearing briefly adjourned as he testified about the sounds he heard from the Rossville Flats overlooking the scene. The next issue of NP Posted will soon be in your inbox. It is more than 15 years since the Bloody Sunday soldiers last appeared in public. Lord Saville concludes that the soldiers of the support company who went into the Bogside did so as a result of an order which should not have been given by their commander. Ten minutes in and it was an even affair as the two teams felt each other out. I wish to clearly state that where a decision has been reached not to prosecute, this in no way diminishes any finding by the Bloody Sunday Inquiry that those killed or injured were not posing a threat to any of the soldiers, said Herron. In a statement, the PPS said after "careful consideration" the decision had been taken due to another recent court ruling which found evidence being relied upon in the prosecution of Soldier A and Soldier C for the killing of Joe McCann was inadmissible. Prime Minister David Cameron said the killings were "unjustified and unjustifiable". Read more:Bloody Sunday results in the death of 14 peaceful protestors on this day in 1972. [2] Longstaff then moved to Sweden in 2001, spending one season in the Elitserien with Djurgrdens IF before returning to the UK, signing with the Newcastle Vipers in 2002. Naturally, it will take all of us some time to digest the report's full findings and understand its implications. This article was submitted to the IrishCentral contributors network by a member of the global Irish community. "When there was a lull in the shooting, it seemed like time had stopped. If you don't see it, please check your junk folder. No government I lead will ever put those who fight to defend democracy on an equal footing with those who contine to seek to destroy it. According to Wikipedia, Forbes, IMDb & Various Online resources, famous Hockey Player David Longstaff's net worth is $1-5 Million at the age of 45 years old. Read more:Karen Bradley, North's incompetent Secretary of State, must resign, West Belfast standing in solidarity with the Bloody Sunday families this evening. The decision not to proceed with the case is now the subject of live judicial review proceedings following a legal challenge brought by the brother of one of the Bloody Sunday victims. Troops were deployed to police the march. David Longstaff Clinic. A former member of the anti-tank platoon of 1 Para, 027 has claimed colleagues used illegal dumdum bullets on Bloody Sunday and deliberately shot unarmed fleeing people, some lying wounded on the ground. Irish Examiner Ltd, Linn Dubh, Assumption Road, Blackpool, Cork. Take a look inside Dublin's most stylish townhouse, Number 31, JFK's words remind us of the true meaning of St. Patrick's Day. Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims. Who is Soldier F? The tribunal considers that 027 is entitled to the protection accorded to other soldiers so far as that can now be done. Date: Sunday 26th February 2023, 4.30pm Live on Sky Sports Venue: Wembley Stadium Conditions: Im possible Programme: 10 - original publicity shots of the cover included Nick Pope and David de Gea, but both were removed following Pope's suspension. 56 Broadway , Peterborough , PE1 1SU Directions. I could see them ricocheting off the ground, throwing up the dirt," said Mrs McBride. For example, on the day itself, four soldiers E, F, G and H moved as a brick into one of the more concealed areas of the Bogside. 28.05.2021. Another witness's recollection of a particular incident was queried by counsel for a number of relatives of victims. According to the testimony of numerous witnesses, including an officer from another regiment stationed on the city walls, Soldier F positioned on the other side of the road got down on one knee and shot McGuigan through the head. Howe gave the following assessment of the performance: "I'm pleased with how we played. After prolonged skirmishes between groups of youths and the Army, soldiers from the Parachute Regiment moved in to make arrests. Mrs Geraldine McBride said her shock and trauma were such that for 20 years she could not talk about the events of January 30th, 1972. best army base in germany is dr abraham wagner married is dr abraham wagner married The man, who was given the cipher Soldier 027, told the inquiry that soldiers in his company had been encouraged to "get some kills" the night before Bloody Sunday, and that this had been seen as "tantamount to an order". 8am until 8pm , weekdays. Neck , Shoulder and Arm Clinic June 4, 2020 admin 2010, David Cameron, Speeches. Thirteen people were shot dead and at least 15 others injured when members of the Army's Parachute Regiment opened fire on civil rights demonstrators in the Bogside - a predominantly Catholic part. Soldier 027's testimony is backed up by an article on Thursday, March 14, in The Spectator magazine, by Douglas Murray, who attended the inquiries and stated Soldier F was definitely lying and perjuring himself. Salary in 2020. Like every other soldier who had fired, F was immediately asked to give the Royal Military Police (RMP) his justification for, and direction of, each shot. The delivery is good . Unauthorized distribution, transmission or republication strictly prohibited. Rita OHare passes a mighty voice for justice is stilled, Irish womans poem of emigration will stir your heart, UPDATE: Alex Murdaugh sentenced to life in prison for murdering wife and son, WATCH: Irish bishop's funeral held in Los Angeles today, Liam Neeson, Michael D Higgins and Bono among voices featured on "Patrick Kavanagh Almost Everything'", Colin Farrell says Irish people have a strong "sense of civic duty". He is from United Kingdom. He finds that none of the casualties shot by the soldiers of support company was armed with a firearm. The Red Devils took their chances while Newcastle struggled to create their own. Instead they stuck to their lies. He returned to the Vipers in 2003 before joining the Guildford Flames prior to the 2010/11 season. car accident fort smith, ar today; what is the avery code for labels? Under Review. By David Burke, author of 'Kitson's Irish War: Mastermind of the Dirty War in Ireland'. It does the same for Martin McGuinness. Biggest Pop Star Soldier F or David James Clearly was a former soldier who was convicted for being a part of Bloody Sunday in 1972. Those are words we cannot and must not ignore. Indeed, Lord Saville finds no evidence that the events of Bloody Sunday were premeditated, he concludes that the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland governments and the army neither tolerated nor encouraged the use of unjustified lethal force.

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